{"id":227,"date":"2021-11-14T16:09:10","date_gmt":"2021-11-14T07:09:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp\/nishiura_labo\/?page_id=227"},"modified":"2023-03-05T18:23:46","modified_gmt":"2023-03-05T09:23:46","slug":"mathematics-of-the-commons","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp\/nishiura_labo\/mathematics-of-the-commons\/","title":{"rendered":"Mathematics of the commons"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

\uff11\uff0eThe commons \u3068\u306f\u4f55\u304b<\/h2>\n

Donald M. Nonini (https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/23182116 2006) \u306b\u3088\u308c\u3070\uff0c\u300c\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30ba\u300d\u3068\u306f\u904e\u53bb\uff0c\u73fe\u5728\uff0c\u672a\u6765\u306e\u4e16\u4ee3\u306b\u308f\u305f\u308a\u4eba\u985e\u304c\u5171\u6709\u3059\u308b\u8cc7\u6e90\u306e\u5168\u4f53\u3067\u3042\u308a\uff0c\u305d\u308c\u3089\u306f\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7684\uff0c\u6587\u5316\u7684\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u306a\u518d\u751f\u7523\u306b\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3068\u3042\u308b. :Assemblages and ensembles of resources that human beings hold in commons or in trust to use on behalf of themselves, other living human beings, and past and future generations of human beings, and which are essential to their biological, cultural, and social reproduction. (Nonini 2006)<\/p>\n

\u3080\u308d\u3093\u3053\u3053\u3067\u306e\u8cc7\u6e90\u306f\uff0c\u5316\u77f3\u71c3\u6599\u3092\u306f\u3058\u3081\u3068\u3059\u308b\u72ed\u3044\u610f\u5473\u306e\u7269\u8cea\u8cc7\u6e90\u306e\u307f\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\uff0c\u6587\u5316\u7684\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u306a\u5171\u6709\u8ca1\u7523\u3059\u3079\u3066\u3092\u5305\u542b\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff0e<\/p>\n

\u30fbGarrett Hardin \u304b\u3089Elinor Ostrom<\/span>\u3078\uff1a\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30ba\u306e\u60b2\u5287<\/p>\n

\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30ba\u3092\u8ab0\u304c\uff0c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u7ba1\u7406\u3057\uff0c\u80b2\u3066\u3066\u3044\u304f\u304b\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u69d8\u3005\u306a\u8b70\u8ad6\u304c\u306a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304d\u305f\uff0e\u3068\u304f\u306bGarrett Hardin<\/span>\u3000\u306b\u3088\u308b \u201cThe Tragedy of the Commons\u201d Science 162, 1243 (1968)<\/span>\u3000\u306f\u5927\u304d\u306a\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u305f\u304c\uff0c\u305d\u3053\u3067\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u89e3\u6c7a\u7b56\uff1a\u653f\u5e9c\u306b\u3088\u308b\u7ba1\u7406\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u79c1\u6709\u5316\u306f\u73fe\u5b9f\u306b\u306f\u6709\u52b9\u3067\u306a\u304f\uff0c\u4f1d\u7d71\u7684\u306a group-property institution<\/span>\u306b\u52a3\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\uff0c\u3053\u308c\u307e\u3067\u306e\u3044\u304f\u3064\u304b\u306e\u4e8b\u4f8b\u3067\u5b9f\u8a3c\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304d\u305f:A satellite image of northern China, Mongolia, and southern Siberia (8) shows marked degradation in the Russian part of the image, whereas the Mongolian half of the image shows much less degradation.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u3057\u304b\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u6628\u4eca\u306e\u4eba\u9593\u6d3b\u52d5\u306e\u5897\u5927\u306f\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u4f1d\u7d71\u7684\u306a\u624b\u6cd5\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306f\u96e3\u3057\u304f\u306a\u3063\u3066\u304d\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff0e\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u98df\u6599\u30fb\u6c34\u554f\u984c\u3084\u6f01\u696d\u3092\u542b\u3080\u6d77\u6d0b\u30a8\u30b3\u30ed\u30b8\u30fc\u554f\u984c\u3092\u8003\u3048\u308c\u3070\u5341\u5206\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\uff0e\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3088\u308a\u5305\u62ec\u7684\u306a\u6c17\u5019\u5909\u52d5\u3078\u306e\u5bfe\u7b56\u306f\u5730\u7403\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u3067\u306e\u671f\u9650\u304c\u9593\u8fd1\u306b\u8feb\u3063\u305f\u554f\u984c\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff0e\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306f\u306f\u308b\u304b\u306b\u5de8\u5927\u3067\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u7cfb\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u554f\u984c\u306e\u89e3\u6c7a\u3092\u96e3\u3057\u304f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff0e<\/p>\n

Elinor Ostrom \u3089\u306b\u3088\u308b\u2019\u2019<\/span>Revisiting the Commons: Local Lessons, Global Challenges\u201d (Science, 284 (1999), \u2022 DOI: 10.1126\/science.284.5412.278) \u3067\u306e\u8ad6\u8003\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308bCPR(Common Pool Resources) <\/span>\u306e\u516c\u5e73\u304b\u3064\u6709\u52b9\u306a\u7ba1\u7406\u306e\u63d0\u6848\u306f\u6975\u3081\u3066\u793a\u5506\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308a\uff0clong-term benefits <\/span>\u3092\u78ba\u4fdd\u3057\uff0c\u30b3\u30b9\u30c8\u306f\u3067\u304d\u308b\u9650\u308a\u6291\u3048\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u56f0\u96e3\u306a\u6700\u9069\u5316\u554f\u984c\u3078\u306e\u63d0\u6848\u3092\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff0e\u3053\u306e\u8ad6\u6587\u306e\u6700\u5f8c\u306e\u90e8\u5206\u3092\u3084\u3084\u9577\u304f\u306a\u308b\u304c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306b\u5f15\u7528\u3059\u308b\uff0e<\/p>\n

Lessons from Local and Regional Common-Pool Resources <\/strong><\/p>\n

The empirical and theoretical research stimulated over the past 30 years by Garrett Hardin\u2019s article has shown that tragedies of the commons are real, but not inevitable. Solving the dilemmas of sustainable use is neither easy nor error-free even for local resources. But a scholarly consensus is emerging regarding the conditions most likely to stimulate successful self-organized processes for local and regional CPRs (6, 26, 32). Attributes of resource systems and their users affect the benefits and costs that users perceive. For users to see major benefits, resource conditions must not have deteriorated to such an extent that the resource is useless, nor can the resource be so little used that few advantages result from organizing. Benefits are easier to assess when users have accurate knowledge of external boundaries and internal microenvironments and have reliable and valid indicators of resource conditions. When the flow of resources is relatively predictable, it is also easier to assess how diverse management regimes will affect long-term benefits and costs. Users who depend on a resource for a major portion of their livelihood, and who have some autonomy to make their own access and harvesting rules, are more likely than others to perceive benefits from their own restrictions, but they need to share an image of how the resource system operates and how their actions affect each other and the resource. Further, users must be interested in the sustainability of the particular resource so that expected joint benefits will outweigh current costs. If users have some initial trust in others to keep promises, low-cost methods of monitoring and sanctioning can be devised. Previous organizational experience and local leadership reduces the users\u2019 costs of coming to agreement and finding effective solutions for a particular environment. In all cases, individuals must overcome their tendency to evaluate their own benefits and costs more intensely than the total benefits and costs for a group. Collective-choice rules affect who is involved in deciding about future rules and how preferences will be aggregated. Thus, these rules affect the breadth of interests represented and involved in making institutional changes, and they affect decisions about which policy instruments are adopted (33).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The Broader Social Setting <\/strong><\/p>\n

Whether people are able to self-organize and manage CPRs also depends on the broader social setting within which they work. National governments can help or hinder local self-organization. \u201cHigher\u201d levels of government can facilitate the assembly of users of a CPR in organizational meetings, provide information that helps identify the problem and possible solutions, and legitimize and help enforce agreements reached by local users. National governments can at times, however, hinder local self-organization by defending rights that lead to overuse or maintaining that the state has ultimate control over resources without actually monitoring and enforcing existing regulations. Participants are more likely to adopt effective rules in macro-regimes that facilitate their efforts than in regimes that ignore resource problems entirely or that presume that central authorities must make all decisions. If local authority is not formally recognized by larger regimes, it is difficult for users to establish enforceable rules. On the other hand, if rules are imposed by outsiders without consulting local participants, local users may engage in a game of \u201ccops and robbers\u201d with outside authorities. In many countries, two centuries of colonization followed by state-run development policy that affected some CPRs has produced great resistance to externally imposed institutions. The broader economic setting also affects the level and distribution of gains and costs of organizing the management of CPRs. Expectations of rising resource prices encourage better management, whereas falling, unstable, or uncertain resource prices reduce the incentive to organize and assure future availability (34). National policy also affects factors such as human migration rates, the flow of capital, technology policy, and hence the range of conditions local institutions must address to work effectively. Finally, local institutions are only rarely able to cope with the ramifications of civil or international war.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Challenges of Global Commons <\/strong><\/p>\n

The lessons from local and regional CPRs are encouraging, yet humanity now faces new challenges to establish global institutions to manage biodiversity, climate change, and other ecosystem services (35). These new challenges will be especially difficult for at least the following reasons. Scaling-up problem. Having larger numbers of participants in a CPR increases the difficulty of organizing, agreeing on rules, and enforcing rules. Global environmental resources now involve 6 billion inhabitants of the globe. Organization at national and local levels can help, but it can also get in the way of finding solutions. Cultural diversity challenge. Along with economic globalization, we are in a period of reculturalization. Increasing cultural diversification offers increased hope that the diversity of ways in which people have organized locally around CPRs will not be quickly lost, and that diverse new ways will continue to evolve at the local level. However, cultural diversity can decrease the likelihood of finding shared interests and understandings. The problem of cultural diversity is exacerbated by \u201cnorth-south\u201d conflicts stemming from economic differences between industrialized and less-industrialized countries. Complications of interlinked CPRs. Although the links between grassland and forest management are complex, they are not so complex as those between maintaining biodiversity and ameliorating climate change. As we address global issues, we face greater interactions between global systems. Similarly, with increased specialization, people have become more interdependent. Thus, we all share one another\u2019s common interests, but in more complex ways than the users of a forest or grassland. While we have become more complexly interrelated, we have also become more \u201cdistant\u201d from each other and our environmental problems. From our increasingly specialized understandings and particular points on the globe, it is difficult to comprehend the significance of global CPRs and how we need to work together to govern these resources successfully. And given these complexities, finding fair solutions is even more challenging. Accelerating rates of change. Previous generations complained that change occurred faster and faster, and the acceleration continues. Population growth, economic develop ment, capital and labor mobility, and technological change push us past environmental thresholds before we know it. \u201cLearning by doing\u201d is increasingly difficult, as past lessons are less and less applicable to current problems. Requirement of unanimous agreement as a collective-choice rule. The basic collectivechoice rule for global resource management is voluntary assent to negotiated treaties (36). This allows some national governments to hold out for special privileges before they join others in order to achieve regulation, thus strongly affecting the kinds of resource management policies that can be adopted at this level. We have only one globe with which to experiment. Historically, people could migrate to other resources if they made a major error in managing a local CPR. Today, we have less leeway for mistakes at the local level, while at the global level there is no place to move. These new challenges clearly erode the confidence with which we can build from past and current examples of successful management to tackle the CPR problems of the future. Still, the lessons from successful examples of CPR management provide starting points for addressing future challenges. Some of these will be institutional, such as multilevel institutions that build on and complement local and regional institutions to focus on truly global problems. Others will build from improved technology. For example, more accurate long-range weather forecasts could facilitate improvements in irrigation management, or advances in fish tracking could allow more accurate population estimates and harvest management. And broad dissemination of widely believed data could be a major contributor to the trust that is so central to effective CPR management. In the end, building from the lessons of past successes will require forms of communication, information, and trust that are broad and deep beyond precedent, but not beyond possibility. Protecting institutional diversity related to how diverse peoples cope with CPRs may be as important for our long-run survival as the protection of biological diversity. There is much to learn from successful efforts as well as from failures.<\/p>\n

2\uff0e\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30ba\u306e\u60b2\u5287\u304b\u3089\u8907\u5408\u5371\u6a5f\u306e\u6642\u4ee3\u3078<\/h2>\n

\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30ba\u3092\u8ab0\u304c\uff0c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u7ba1\u7406\u3057\uff0c\u80b2\u3066\u3066\u3044\u304f\u304b\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u69d8\u3005\u306a\u8b70\u8ad6\u304c\u306a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304d\u305f\uff0e\u3068\u304f\u306bGarrett Hardin<\/span>\u3000\u306b\u3088\u308b \u300c\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30ba\u306e\u60b2\u5287\u300d(Science 162 (1968))<\/span>\u306f\u5927\u304d\u306a\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u305f\u304c\uff0c\u305d\u3053\u3067\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u89e3\u6c7a\u7b56\uff0c\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u653f\u5e9c\u306b\u3088\u308b\u7ba1\u7406\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u79c1\u6709\u5316\u304c\u63d0\u6848\u3055\u308c\u305f\u304c\uff0c\u305d\u308c\u3089\u304c\u5b9f\u306f\u4f1d\u7d71\u7684\u306a group-property institution<\/span>\u306b\u52a3\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\uff0c\u3053\u308c\u307e\u3067\u306e\u3044\u304f\u3064\u304b\u306e\u4e8b\u4f8b\u3067\u5b9f\u8a3c\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304d\u305f\uff0e\u3057\u304b\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u6628\u4eca\u306e\u4eba\u9593\u6d3b\u52d5\u306e\u5897\u5927\u306f\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u4f1d\u7d71\u7684\u306a\u624b\u6cd5\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306f\u96e3\u3057\u304f\u306a\u3063\u3066\u304d\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff0e\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u98df\u6599\u30fb\u6c34\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\uff0c\u611f\u67d3\u75c7\u554f\u984c\u7b49\u3092\u8003\u3048\u308c\u3070\u5341\u5206\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\uff0e\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3088\u308a\u5305\u62ec\u7684\u306a\u6c17\u5019\u5909\u52d5\u3078\u306e\u5bfe\u7b56\u306f\u5730\u7403\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u3067\u306e\u7dca\u6025\u5bfe\u5fdc\u304c\u8feb\u3063\u305f\u554f\u984c\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff0e\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306f\u591a\u304f\u306e\u56fd\u3084\u7d44\u7e54\uff0c\u3055\u3089\u306b\u5229\u5bb3\u95a2\u4fc2\u8005\u304c\u95a2\u4e0e\u3057\uff0c\u306f\u308b\u304b\u306b\u5de8\u5927\u3067\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u7cfb\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u554f\u984c\u306e\u89e3\u6c7a\u3092\u96e3\u3057\u304f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff0e<\/p>\n

\u305d\u308c\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\uff0cElinor Ostrom <\/span>\u3089\u306b\u3088\u308b\u2019\u2019Revisiting the Commons: Local Lessons, Global Challenges\u201d(Science, 284 (1999), \u2022 DOI: 10.1126\/science.284.5412.278) <\/span>\u3067\u306e\u8ad6\u8003\u306fCPR(Common Pool Resources) <\/span>\u306e\u516c\u5e73\u304b\u3064\u6709\u52b9\u306a\u7ba1\u7406\u306e\u63d0\u6848\u306f\u6975\u3081\u3066\u793a\u5506\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308a\uff0clong-term benefits <\/span>\u3092\u78ba\u4fdd\u3057\uff0c\u30b3\u30b9\u30c8\u306f\u3067\u304d\u308b\u9650\u308a\u6291\u3048\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u56f0\u96e3\u306a\u6700\u9069\u5316\u554f\u984c\u89e3\u6c7a\u3092\u76ee\u6307\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3053\u306e\u6570\u5341\u5e74\u306e\u4e16\u754c\u306e\u60c5\u52e2\u306f\u5927\u304d\u304f\u5909\u5316\u3057\uff0c\u30c7\u30b8\u30bf\u30eb\u5316\u306e\u5927\u5e45\u306a\u52a0\u901f\u3068\u5171\u306b\u793e\u4f1a\u306e\u683c\u5dee\u62e1\u5927\u306f\u4e0d\u5b89\u5b9a\u611f\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b89\u611f\uff0c\u4e0d\u4fe1\u611f\u3092\u5897\u5927\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff0e\u4e00\u65b9\u3067\u5730\u7403\u6e29\u6696\u5316\u306f\u5f90\u3005\u306b\u9032\u884c\u3057\uff0c\u69d8\u3005\u306a\u6fc0\u751a\u707d\u5bb3\u306e\u5897\u52a0\u3092\u751f\u307f\u51fa\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff0e\u591a\u304f\u306e\u8981\u7d20\u304c\u95a2\u4e0e\u3059\u308b\u8907\u5408\u5371\u6a5f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u72b6\u6cc1\u306b\u9032\u5c55\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304c\u73fe\u5728\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff0e<\/p>\n

3\uff0e\u300c\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30ba\u306e\u6570\u5b66\u300d\u3092\u5fc5\u8981\u3068\u3059\u308b\u80cc\u666f<\/h2>\n

\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u69d8\u3005\u306a\u5146\u5019\u306e\u30b7\u30b0\u30ca\u30eb\u304c\u767a\u305b\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306b\u3082\u95a2\u308f\u3089\u305a\uff0c\u4e0a\u8a18\u306e\u554f\u984c\u7fa4\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\uff0c\u500b\u4eba\u304b\u3089\u56fd\u306e\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u3092\u3064\u306a\u3050\u5927\u304d\u306a\u30e0\u30fc\u30d6\u30e1\u30f3\u30c8\u304c\uff08\u5c11\u306a\u304f\u3068\u3082\u65e5\u672c\u3067\u306f\uff09\u5341\u5206\u306b\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u306e\u306f\u306a\u305c\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u304b\uff0e\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3042\u308b\u7a2e\u306e\u697d\u89b3\u8ad6\uff0c\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u74b0\u5883\u60aa\u5316\u3092\u6291\u3048\u3064\u3064\u7d4c\u6e08\u6210\u9577\u306f\u53ef\u80fd\uff1a\u30c7\u30ab\u30c3\u30d7\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u306f\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u539f\u767a\u30fb\u70ad\u7d20\u56de\u53ce\u7b49\u306e\u6700\u65b0\u6280\u8853\u306b\u3088\u308a\u6210\u9577\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\uff0e\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u518d\u751f\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u306e\u5927\u5e45\u5c0e\u5165\u306b\u3088\u308a\u300c\u4f4e\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u793e\u4f1a\u300d\u306e\u69cb\u7bc9\u3092\u76ee\u6307\u3059\u8131\u6210\u9577\u8ad6\u304c\u76db\u3093\u306b\u8b70\u8ad6\u3055\u308c\uff0c\u4e00\u5b9a\u306e\u8aac\u5f97\u529b\u3092\u6301\u3061\u3064\u3064\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306a\u3069\u304c\u80cc\u666f\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3068\u601d\u308f\u308c\u308b\uff0e\u3057\u304b\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u305d\u308c\u3067\u3082\u306a\u304a bottom up \u304b\u3089\u5371\u6a5f\u611f\u3092\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u7121\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u306b\u5171\u6709\u3067\u304d\u308b\u57fa\u76e4\u306f\u304b\u306a\u308a\u8106\u5f31\u3068\u601d\u308f\u308c\u308b\uff0e\u304a\u305d\u3089\u304f\u305d\u306e\u7406\u7531\u306e\u4e00\u3064\u306f\uff0c\u6c17\u5019\u5909\u52d5\u3092\u542b\u3081\u4eba\u9593\u306f\u975e\u5e38\u306b\u3086\u3063\u304f\u308a\u3068\u3057\u305f\u5909\u5316\u3092\u611f\u3058\u3068\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u4e0d\u5f97\u624b\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff0e\u307e\u305f\u653e\u5c04\u80fd\uff0c\u611f\u67d3\u75c7\u306a\u3069\u76ee\u306b\u898b\u3048\u306a\u3044\u3082\u306e\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3082\u51b7\u9759\u306a\u5bfe\u51e6\u306f\u96e3\u3057\u3044.\u3055\u3089\u306b\u73fe\u72b6\u306f\u5927\u304d\u304f\u5909\u5316\u305b\u305a\uff0c\u3053\u306e\u307e\u307e\u7d9a\u304f\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\uff0c\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a8d\u77e5\u30d0\u30a4\u30a2\u30b9\u3082\u80cc\u5f8c\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\uff0e<\/p>\n

4\uff0e\u6570\u7406\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5f79\u5272<\/h2>\n

\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u72b6\u6cc1\u3092\u6253\u7834\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u6570\u5b66\u306f\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5f79\u5272\u3092\u679c\u305f\u3059\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u304b\uff0e\u3068\u304f\u306b\u6570\u7406\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306b\u7126\u70b9\u3092\u5f53\u3066\uff0c\u305d\u306e\u5f79\u5272\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3068\u540c\u6642\u306b\u300c\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30ba\u306e\u6570\u5b66\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u89b3\u70b9\u304b\u3089\u4eca\u5f8c\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u767a\u4fe1\u3092\u8a66\u307f\u305f\u3044\uff0e\u4e00\u8a00\u3067\u3044\u3046\u3068\u524d\u6bb5\u306b\u8ff0\u3079\u305f\u72b6\u6cc1\u306f\uff0c\u3042\u308b\u7a2e\u306e\u60f3\u50cf\u529b\u306e\u6b20\u5982\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u305d\u308c\u3092\u559a\u8d77\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u5171\u6709\u3059\u3079\u304d\u30b9\u30c8\u30fc\u30ea\u30fc\u304c\u4e0d\u8db3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u7531\u6765\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\uff0e\u5358\u7d14\u5316\u3059\u308c\u3070\uff0c\u81ea\u5206\u6bce\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7406\u89e3\u3067\u304d\u308b\u304d\u3063\u304b\u3051\u304c\u8db3\u308a\u306a\u3044\u3068\u601d\u308f\u308c\u308b\uff0e\u305d\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u6642\u7a7a\u9593\u30b9\u30b1\u30fc\u30eb\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u3066\uff0c\u8907\u5408\u5371\u6a5f\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3067\u304d\u308b\u7269\u8a9e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u300c\u6570\u7406\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u300d\u306f\u5927\u304d\u306a\u30dd\u30c6\u30f3\u30b7\u30e3\u30eb\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\uff0e\u305d\u308c\u306b\u3088\u308a\u300c\u305d\u3046\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u306e\u304b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5b9f\u611f\u304c\u5171\u6709\u3067\u304d\u308b\u300c\u6982\u5ff5\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u300d(conceptual model)\u3092\u3044\u304f\u3064\u304b\u63d0\u793a\u3057\uff0c\u767a\u5c55\u3055\u305b\uff0c\u305d\u3057\u3066\u524d\u8ff0\u306e\u5171\u901a\u8a8d\u8b58\u306b\u307e\u3067\u6df1\u3081\u308b\u5148\u97ad\u3068\u3057\u305f\u3044\uff0e\u305d\u308c\u3089\u306f\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u30e1\u30bf\u30d5\u30a1\u30fc\u3068\u8a00\u3048\u308b\u304c\uff0c\u305d\u306e\u80cc\u5f8c\u3067\u306f\u6975\u3081\u3066\u7cbe\u7dfb\u306a\u6570\u5b66\u30fb\u6570\u7406\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u3055\u3089\u306b\u6700\u65b0\u306e\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u79d1\u5b66\u306e\u6210\u679c\u306b\u652f\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\uff0c\u5b9a\u91cf\u7684\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3084\u73fe\u5834\u3067\u306e\u691c\u8a3c\u3068\u76f8\u88dc\u7684\u5f79\u5272\u3092\u679c\u305f\u3059\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff0e\u4eca\u5f8c\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u30c6\u30fc\u30de\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u5c11\u3057\u305a\u3064\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u304d\u305f\u3044\uff0e<\/p>\n

  • PDF<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    5\uff0e\u300c\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30ba\u306e\u6570\u5b66\u300d\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4f1a<\/h2>\n

    \u4e2d\u90e8\u5927\u5b66\u5275\u767a\u5b66\u8853\u9662\u982d\u8133\u5faa\u74b0\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u306e\u4e00\u74b0\u3068\u3057\u3066\uff0c\uff12\uff10\uff12\uff13\u5e74\uff13\u6708\uff12\u65e5\u306b\u300c\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30ba\u306e\u6570\u5b66\u300d\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4f1a\u304c\u958b\u50ac\u3055\u308c\u305f\uff0e\u8a0e\u8ad6\u8005\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6b21\u306e\uff13\u540d\u306e\u65b9\u3005\u3092\u62db\u5f85\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u6cb3\u5408\uff08\u4eba\u985e\u5b66\uff09\uff0c\u9999\u5742\uff08\u751f\u7269\u591a\u69d8\u6027\uff09\uff0c\u6fa4\u4e95\uff08\u751f\u547d\u502b\u7406\uff09\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u306e\u7570\u306a\u308b\u89b3\u70b9\u304b\u3089\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30ba\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8b70\u8ad6\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3060\u3044\u305f\uff0e<\/p>\n

    Presentation1\u3000\u6cb3\u5408 \u9999\u540f\uff08\u6771\u4eac\u5916\u56fd\u8a9e\u5927\u5b66\uff09
    \n\u300c\u6575\u3067\u3042\u308a\u53cb\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u614b\uff1a\u6771\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u7267\u755c\u6c11\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u96c6\u56e3\u9593\u95a2\u4fc2\u3068\u571f\u5730\u30fb\u8cc7\u6e90\u5229\u7528\u300d<\/p>\n

    Presentation2\u3000\u9999\u5742 \u73b2\uff08\u6771\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\uff09
    \n\u300c\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30ba\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u74b0\u5883\u3068\u305d\u306e\u56fd\u969b\u4ea4\u6e09\u306e\u60b2\u559c\u5287\uff1a \u7de0\u7d04\u56fd\u4f1a\u8b70\u304b\u3089\u30b0\u30ed\u30fc\u30d0\u30eb\u306a\u516c\u5e73\u3068\u52b9\u7387\u3092\u8003\u3048\u308b\u300d<\/p>\n

    Presentation3\u3000\u6fa4\u4e95 \u52aa\uff08\u5e83\u5cf6\u5927\u5b66\uff09
    \n\u300c\u793e\u4f1a\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u8853\uff1a\u3044\u304b\u306b\u502b\u7406\u3092\u8ad6\u3058\u308b\u3079\u304d\u304b\uff1f\u300d<\/p>\n

    \u4eca\u56de\u306f Graphic recording \u3092\u85e4\u7530\u30cf\u30eb\u30ce\u3055\u3093\u306b\u304a\u9858\u3044\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u8a73\u3057\u3044\u5185\u5bb9\u306f\u6539\u3081\u3066\u5f8c\u65e5\u7d39\u4ecb\u3059\u308b\uff0e
    \n\u958b\u50ac\u6848\u5185\u306e\u30dd\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u306f\u3053\u3053\u306b\u6dfb\u4ed8\u3059\u308b\uff0e<\/p>\n

  • PDF<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \uff11\uff0eThe commons \u3068\u306f\u4f55\u304b Donald M. Nonini (https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/23182116 2006) \u306b\u3088\u308c\u3070\uff0c\u300c\u30b3\u30e2\u30f3\u30ba\u300d\u3068\u306f\u904e\u53bb\uff0c\u73fe\u5728\uff0c\u672a\u6765\u306e\u4e16\u4ee3\u306b\u308f\u305f\u308a\u4eba […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-227","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp\/nishiura_labo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/227","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp\/nishiura_labo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp\/nishiura_labo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp\/nishiura_labo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp\/nishiura_labo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=227"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/www.wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp\/nishiura_labo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/227\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":407,"href":"https:\/\/www.wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp\/nishiura_labo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/227\/revisions\/407"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp\/nishiura_labo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=227"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}